Holocaust :: essays research papers

     The Holocaust was a deplorable occasion that finished numerous Jewish lives. The Nazis killed more than 6 million honest Jews. They tormented such a large number of them leaving the couple of Holocaust survivors with awful recollections.      Propaganda assumed a colossal job and influenced numerous people’s thinking during this timespan. The publicity was intended to impact the focused on people’s conclusions, convictions, and feelings. Joseph Paul Goebbel’s was the German national communist advocate. He had unlimited authority over radio, press, film, and theater. What the advocate lectured may have been either obvious or bogus. They did whatever it took to influence the individuals to accept their thoughts. They needed individuals to believe that their way was correct.      The Nazi’s were known for utilizing terms that had exacting and genuine importance in their propagandized language. Their contemplations were pounded into people’s minds so they before long turned out to be unknowingly thinking the manner in which the Nazi’s did. The advocate had rules like our 10 Commandments. The initial three were to separate and vanquish, mention to the individuals what they need, and the greater the untruth, the more individuals will trust it. (www.primenet.com/~popgnda/goebbels.htm)      Like I expressed before, purposeful publicity was utilized to influence the thoughts and psyches of Jews, much the same as the deception that occurred at Theresienstadt. Theresienstadt was a ghetto death camp. It was situated in today’s Czech Republic. It was assume to be the â€Å"model ghetto† for the Red Cross. There were bits of gossip about this executing community so the Nazis organized a trick. A ton was done to this ghetto; a cafã © was made, a children’s drama was played out, a landmark was worked to respect the dead.

Tourism as a boost to economic growth in African countries; the case of Cameroon

The travel industry as a lift to financial development in African nations; the instance of Cameroon Conceptual The travel industry is seen worldwide as a procedure to acquire remote money through the show packaging of neighborhood merchandise, works of expressions and societies running from food to dressing. This likewise gets in Africa and Cameroon specifically. The travel industry is viewed as a significant wellspring of pay for the legislature and offers business chances to a large number of its residents. Cameroon is portrayed as Africa in smaller than expected most likely in light of its rich touristic possibilities. This paper will along these lines center around the improvement of touristic possibilities in Cameroon, open impression of the travel industry, the administration of income from the travel industry and the general financial additions it gives to the nation. Presentation Cameroon is a Central African country on the Gulf of Guinea, flanked by Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Cameroons assessed 250 ethnic gatherings structure five enormous territorial social gatherings: western highlanders (or grassfielders), including the Bamileke, Bamoun, and numerous littler elements in the northwest (est. 38% of populace); beach front tropical backwoods people groups, including the Bassa, Douala, and numerous littler substances in the Southwest (12%); southern tropical timberland people groups, including the Ewondo, Bulu, and Fang (all Beti subgroups), Maka and Pygmies (formally called Bakas) (18%); prevalently Islamic people groups of the northern semi-bone-dry locales (the Sahel) and focal good countries, including the Fulani, otherwise called Peuhl in French (14%); and the Kirdi, non-Islamic or as of late Islamic people groups of the northern desert and focal high countries (18%). The individuals gathered in the Southwest and Northwest regionsaround Buea and Bamendause standard English and pidgin, just as their neighborhood dialects. In the three northern locales Adamawa, North, and Far NorthFrench and Fulfulde, the language of the Fulani, are broadly spoken. Somewhere else, French is the vital language, in spite of the fact that pidgin and some nearby dialects, for example, Ewondo, the tongue of a Beti group from the Yaounde region, likewise is broadly spoken. In spite of the fact that Yaounde is Cameroons managerial capital, Douala is the biggest and the monetary capital with the primary seaport, and principle mechanical and business focuses. The western good countries are among the most prolific locales in Cameroon and have a generally solid condition in higher heights. This locale is thickly populated and has serious farming, trade, strong networks, and verifiable displacement pressures. From here, the Bantu movements into eastern, southern, and focal Africa are accepted to have started around 2,000 years prior. Bamileke individuals from this zone have as of late moved to towns somewhere else in Cameroon, for example, the waterfront areas, where they structure a significant part of the business network. Around 20,000 non-Africans, including in excess of 6,000 French and 2,400 U. S. residents, live in Cameroon. HISTORY The most punctual occupants of Cameroon were presumably the Bakas (Pygmies). They despite everything possess the backwoods of the South and East areas. During the late 1770s and mid 1800s, the Fulani, a peaceful Islamic individuals of the western Sahel, vanquished the greater part of what is currently northern Cameroon, enslaving or dislodging its to a great extent non-Muslim occupants. In spite of the fact that the Portuguese showed up on Cameroons coast during the 1500s, jungle fever forestalled huge European settlement and victory of the inside until the late 1870s, when enormous supplies of the intestinal sickness suppressant, quinine, opened up. The early European nearness in Cameroon was essentially committed to beach front exchange and the securing of slaves. The northern piece of Cameroon was a significant piece of the Muslim slave exchange arrange. The slave exchange was to a great extent stifled by the mid-nineteenth century. Christian missions set up a nearness in the late nineteenth century and keep on assuming a job in Cameroonian life. Starting in 1884, all of present-day Cameroon and parts of a few of its neighbors turned into the German province of Kamerun, with a capital first at Buea and later at Yaounde. After World War I, this province was apportioned among Britain and France under a June 28, 1919 League of Nations command. France picked up the b igger land share, moved remote districts to neighboring French settlements, and administered the rest from Yaounde. Englands territorya strip circumscribing Nigeria from the ocean to Lake Chad, with an equivalent populationwas managed from Lagos. In 1955, the banned Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), based to a great extent among the Bamileke and Bassa ethnic gatherings, started an equipped battle for autonomy in French Cameroon. This defiance proceeded, with reducing force, considerably after autonomy. Appraisals of passings from this contention differ from several thousands to many thousands. French Cameroon accomplished autonomy in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The next year the to a great extent Muslim northern 66% of British Cameroon casted a ballot to join Nigeria; the to a great extent Christian southern third casted a ballot to get together with the Republic of Cameroon to shape the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The once in the past French and British areas each kept up significant self-governance. Ahmadou Ahidjo, a French-instructed Fulani, was picked President of the alliance in 1961. Ahidjo, depending on an unavoidable inside security contraption, banned every single ideological group yet his own in 1966. He effectively smothered the UPC disobedience, catching the last significant dissident pioneer in 1970. In 1972, another constitution supplanted the league with a unitary state. Ahidjo surrendered as President in 1982 and was unavoidably prevailing by his Prime Minister, Paul Biya, a vocation official from the Bulu-Beti ethnic gathering. Ahidjo later lamented his selection of replacements, however his supporters neglected to topple Biya in a 1984 upset endeavor. Biya won single-up-and-comer decisions in 1984 and 1988 and defective multiparty races in 1992, 1997, and 2004. His Cameroon Peoples Democratic Movement (CPDM) party holds a sizeable greater part in the lawmaking body following 2007 elections153 delegates out of a sum of 180. ECONOMY Cameroon is supplied with a plenitude of regular assets, remembering for the agrarian, mining, ranger service, oil and gas divisions. Cameroon is the business and financial pioneer in the CEMAC sub-locale, albeit local exchange, particularly with Nigeria, stays under-figured it out. Cameroons economy is exceptionally subject to ware fares, and swings in world costs emphatically influence its development. Cameroons monetary advancement has been blocked by financial botch, unavoidable debasement, and a difficult business condition (for nearby and remote speculators). Cameroon stays one of the least positioned economies on the World Banks yearly Doing Business and comparative studies and routinely positions among the most degenerate nations on the planet. Throughout the most recent 3 years, GDP development has found the middle value of around 2%-3%, which is generally comparable to populace development yet insufficient to essentially lessen high neediness levels. Regardless of flaunting a higher GDP for every capita than either Senegal or Ghana, Cameroon lingers behind these two nations in significant financial pointers, including wellbeing and instruction. The administration has claimed an assurance to cultivate critical financial development and occupation creati on, and there is a chosen uptick in enthusiasm for the mining area and framework improvement. For 25 year following autonomy, Cameroon was one of the most prosperous nations in Africa. The drop in ware costs for its head exportsoil, cocoa, espresso, and cottonin the mid-1980s, joined with an exaggerated money and monetary fumble, prompted 10 years in length downturn. Genuine per capita total national output (GDP) fell by over 60% from 1986 to 1994. The present record and financial deficiencies augmented, and outside obligation developed. The administration left upon a progression of financial change programs upheld by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) starting in the late 1980s. A large number of these measures have been difficult, including the administrations cutting of common help pay rates by half in 1993. The CFA francthe normal cash of Cameroon and 13 other African stateswas cheapened by half in January 1994. The combination of these two occasions implied a general drop in buying intensity of almost 65%. The administration neglected to meet the states of the initial four IMF programs. A 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) endorsed by the IMF in October 2005 finished in 2008. Cameroon has not haggled any new IMF program yet is proceeding with participation with the Fund under Article IV interviews. In 2009, the IMF dispensed $144 million to Cameroon under its Exogenous Shocks Facility to help with the impacts of the worldwide monetary emergency. Official measurements for 2009 had expansion at 5.3%, demonstrating a debilitating of Cameroonians spending power. Open dissatisfaction over rising costs was halfway to fault for a flare-up of social agitation and brutality in numerous Cameroonian urban communities in February 2008. In March 2008, the administration declared a decrease in food import duties and different estimates intended to diminish the expense of essential items. The worldwide monetary emergency has truly affected Cameroons oil, cotton, timber, and elastic areas, discouraging fares, development, and by and large utilization. The legislature has gained stopping ground on its privatization program. The National Water Utility Corporation (SNEC) was part into two elements. CAMWATERto handle infrastructureremains in government hands, and a transformed SNEC is currently possessed by a consortium drove by Moroccan Water Utility. Plans to privatize the national air organization CAMAIR and national telecom CAMTEL, be that as it may, have over and again floundered as a result of political sensitivities and worries about debasement. CAMAIR was proclaimed formally outdated and stopped to work in May 2008; its substitution, CAMAIR-CO, has declared its inte

Detective Archetype Essay Example for Free

Investigator Archetype Essay Sherlock Holmes and the Doctor share characteristics, for example, higher knowledge, confinement from society, and hyperactivity that shape them into the main ones equipped for giving equity to the compromised. The two fit the analyst prime example very well and whether express or not, the model is pervasive in their accounts just as others. Characteristics of the analyst original are spoken to through each â€Å"detective’s† propensities, activities, words, considerations, and decisions. It is mind boggling, interests the peruser, and is utilized by about each creator of investigator fiction. Holmes and the Doctor express and set forth their more significant level of knowledge in all that they do. Their incessant and compelling utilization of deductive thinking reveals to them where to go and drives them in their undertakings. Before they can conclude what occurred in the circumstance they are managing or discover the answer for the current issue they should accumulate the realities. Both focus on detail, Holmes even stated, â€Å"To an extraordinary brain, nothing is little.† (27) They consider everything †the interesting to the undeniable and the bewildering to the direct. Every one of the characters has achieved a bunch of information which helps them in their thinking. For the Doctor; he has learned things through experience. He has lived for a great many years as he isn't human and resembles an endless being, in that it very well may be expected that he thinks pretty much everything. Holmes’ information, in any case, originates from experimentation that he directs in his available time. Inquisitively, nor was officially instructed, yet has a specific enthusiasm for sciences. When researching a piece of information Agatha Christie remarked, â€Å"there you go with the science stuff again!† (Dr. Who) which infers that he has just shown his viability of science. With their weapons stores of knowledge, Holmes and the Doctor will consist ently win. Individuals from the analyst prime example will in general be disengaged from society and Holmes and the Doctor satisfy that generalization. In Homes’ case he decides to be withdrawn and would prefer to invest energy alone. Since he has a specific haughty narcissism it causes him to accept that he is unreasonably useful for other people. When inquired as to whether he appreciates the abstract works of Gaboriau and his analyst Lecoq, Holmes â€Å"sniffs sardonically† and reacts in a â€Å"angry voice†, guaranteeing the book had made him â€Å"positively ill.† (14) The Doctor, then again, would decide to be outgoing yet a mind-blowing conditions don't permit this. He is the remnant of a dying breed and doesn't fit anyplace; he is compelled to carry on with an existence with not many enduring connections. Sherlock Holmes has barely any side interests and the vast majority of them keep him detached from others. What he appreciates, other than tests, is playing the violin while he thinks about current cases he is dealing with. Another diversion of his that his associate Watson insinuated is the utilization of opiates. Watson recommends â€Å"On [some] events I have seen such a fantastic empty articulation in his eyes that I may have associated him with being dependent on the utilization of some narcotic† (10) Not just is Watson his aide, yet he is the main genuine companion of Holmes. Similarly, the Doctors’ right hand, Donna, is the one in particular who stays with him. Theirs collaborators are there, however they help the analysts tackle issues. All the more significantly, they make Holmes and the Doctor not appear to be so strange. Hyperactivity is another trait of the investigator paradigm that both Holmes and the Doctor share. They continually hop from one idea to the next. At the point when the Doctor babbles to himself about the time he spent during Charlemagne’s rule Christie questions, â€Å"but that was hundreds of years ago.† The Doctor answers â€Å"I have a decent memory† (Doctor Who) and proceeds onward to his next idea. As the second has passed he rapidly moves to the following idea at the forefront of his thoughts. Like this, Holmes switches subjects rather habitually. In one occurrence Holmes had the option to conclude a man’s foundation before Watson would even endeavor to. To Watson he was just a â€Å"fellow† â€Å"walking down the opposite side of the street.† Without pondering it Holmes answers, â€Å"You imply that resigned sergeant of Marines.† â€Å"The thought had scarcely gone through [Watson’s] mind† (14) when Holmes had proceeded onward. Higher insight, disengagement from society, and hyperactivity are characteristics that make Holmes and the Doctor fit the criminologist original. Higher knowledge is utilized by the criminologists to conclude data from and decipher the issue. By isolating themselves from society the two can mull over where their center ought to be. Hyperactive naturally, these people are ideal for their jobs. In spite of the negative meanings of a portion of these attributes, they can utilize them for their advantage to be fruitful.

Ritas Changes in Act 1 - Literature Essay Samples

Educating Rita is a play about change and transformation. Susan White, a working class girl, wants to escape the trappings of the class system and become â€Å"educated†, thinking that this will allow her to â€Å"sing a better songâ€Å". By the end of the play, her transformation is absolute, and while the drastic changes can be seen during Act 2, many aspects of Rita and her life have changed throughout the first section. Most obviously, she changes her name to Rita, after her favourite author. This is particularly endearing as it shows her ambition to escape her previous life but also her naivety at naming herself after such a lesser author. Rita’s first entrance is, although delayed by the stiff door, bustling and energetic; instantly she is talking and chastising. Her speech is constant, masking her nervousness and streams out as a tirade: it is Rita leading the conversation. However, in her final entrance of the Act, Rita enters â€Å"slowly† and â€Å" wanders†. It is now Frank that leads the conversation, speaking first and prompting Rita with questions, and when Rita replies it is short and to the point, almost stilted. While her nervousness is gone, Rita has already started to lose the energy and â€Å"uniqueness† that made her such an interesting and attractive character. One of the key areas of Rita’s life that’s changes over Act 1 is her relationship with her husband, Denny. At the start of the play, Rita still lives at home with him, although their relationship is on the rocks. When Rita is making her speeches about how stifled she is by her working class trappings, she regularly makes references to Denny showing that she sees him as the embodiment of all that she dislikes about her background. She likens him to a â€Å"drug addict† and often tells Frank about Denny’s reservations towards her new found education, saying that Denny gets â€Å"narked†, â€Å"frightened† a nd â€Å"tries to stop me [Rita] from coming†. The next time Denny is mentioned, it is because he has burnt all of Rita’s books because he finds that she has not come off the pill. Rita knows that her marriage is failing, saying to Frank that she knows that he often wonders â€Å"where the girl he married has gone to† and shows her resent for Denny in the line â€Å"he wants me to stop rocking the coffin†. Rita sees Denny and her old life as dead already while education can let her escape provide her with â€Å"life itself†. The act of book burning links him with Nazis in our minds but Rita’s following speech makes him out not as a evil person, but as someone who fails to understand. She wants to be able to have real choice regarding her life: Denny thinks that they already have choice by being able to choose from â€Å"eight different types of lager† or â€Å"one lousy school and the next†. At the end of the Act, Denny has giv en Rita an ultimatum and she has left the house. Rita has chosen her education and â€Å"choice† over her husband and has finally started to leave her old life behind. Ritas other relationship that is explored in the play is with Frank. This is the basis for the entire play and it changes throughout. The mutual wonder and admiration at the start of the play eventually turns to disillusioned resentment, but at the end of Act 1, both are still amicable. Rita views Frank with very high regard and is fascinated by him when they first meet. She refuses to allow him to transfer her to another tutor, calling him â€Å"a crazy mad piss artist† and telling him that she â€Å"likes† him. Frank to her embodies the new exciting world of the educated and literature, just as Denny symbolises, to her, the working class. As the play progresses and Rita understands more, her view of Frank becomes less adoring but at the end of Act 1 she still views him with the huge respect. How ever, in the final exchanges of the act, she is ordering him to be honest and repeatedly asserting that she â€Å"does not want pity†. She is now more comfortable with him, and more confident in herself, and so has taken him down from the pedestal she had placed him on and is talking to him much more frankly, like an equal. Rita’s ability to write essays that will impress examiners does not greatly improve throughout the first act, with her Macbeth essay equally as unsuitable as her attempts on Howard’s End and Peer Gynt. However, she is beginning to change her taste in what she considers to be literature. She has exchanged her desire to see amateur productions of The Importance of Being Earnest in order to watch Macbeth. She now understands that there is a difference between Rita Mae Brown and Chekov. However, in regards to the wider culture of the world she is trying to enter, she is still naà ¯ve. She is too afraid to attend Frank’s dinner party, know ing that she would have bought the wrong type of wine and would be wearing an unsuitable dress and would not be able to keep up with the conversation. These fears have been assuaged by the end of the play but are still present as the first Act ends. The changes that take hold of Rita throughout the play have not all been fully realised by this point, but they have been set in motion. Her attempt to leave her background, strongly linked with her relationship with Denny, is now starting to become successful as she leaves her husband. The relationship between Frank and Rita has already developed from one of adoring student and fascinated teacher into one which contains more equality and more understanding but has yet to progress into the disillusionment and resentment that plagues their later relationship. Rita’s change in herself has also begun to take place: although she has not yet learned to write passable essays, she is beginning to â€Å"connect† and understand the concepts involved in literature. Her ability to choose wine, buy dresses that one should buy and discuss intelligent subjects are still not learned yet and she places great importance to these superficial matters. These however are not the important aspects of education, nor is essay writing. Rita is beginning to understand herself and the world in which she finds herself and that is the most important part of becoming â€Å"educated†.

Senior Project Paper Music Therapy used on Alzheimers...

Courtney Everette Ms. Askue August 26, 2014 English IV Music Therapy Introduction: Ever since I was a little girl, I’ve observed people playing music around me. My family is musically inclined, which I believe is the reason I’ve been drawn to it. In 2006, I began taking guitar lessons but I never had much interest in playing. Things changed in 2009, and I wished to be different. I wanted to be good at something so I began to teach myself guitar and have stuck with the guitar until now. In 2010, I began to play on my church’s worship team and I enjoyed it very much. I have now been a worship leader for the past four years and it’s something I love to do. I love it so much that for the past two years I have gone to Camp Electric to†¦show more content†¦So how did Alzheimer’s come to be? How was it discovered? In 1906, German Physician Alois Alzheimer, began to link symptoms to microscopic brain changes. When he began an autopsy on his first Alzheimer’s patient, Auguste Deter, Alzheimer saw dramatic shrinkage and abno rmal deposits in and around her nerve cells. In 1910, the disease was named after him because of the great discovery he made that would change history forever. In 1931, the electron microscope was invented and this allowed for further exploration of the brain and how it is affected by this disease (Hippius). Something that may be as simple as just observing the brain and analyzing minor changes might seem small but it changed the future. Doctors are now able to recognize the symptoms of Alzheimer’s and diagnose the disease properly. The symptoms will be able to place the individual into their correct stage of the disease. There are seven stages, all which gain momentum over time. The Reisberg Scale states that the first stage is the underlying disease but no symptoms in which case the individual seems to be normal. The first stage is easy to look over if the individual isn’t expecting it, which is common when one obtains early-onset Alzheimer’s. In stages 2-4 th e individual begins to have memory lapses, trouble coming up with names and forgetting recent events, all of which would simply indicate stressed-outShow MoreRelatedAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 PagesCompetence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care A Roadmap for Hospitals Quality Safety Equity A Roadmap for Hospitals Project Staff Amy Wilson-Stronks, M.P.P., Project Director, Health Disparities, Division of Quality Measurement and Research, The Joint Commission. Paul Schyve, M.D., Senior Vice President, The Joint Commission Christina L. Cordero, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Project Director, Division of Standards and Survey Methods, The Joint Commission Isa Rodriguez, Project Coordinator,Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesOlsen, Jay Devore Acquisitions Editor: Carolyn Crockett Development Editor: Danielle Derbenti Assistant Editor: Beth Gershman Editorial Assistant: Ashley Summers Technology Project Manager: Colin Blake Marketing Manager: Joe Rogove Marketing Assistant: Jennifer Liang Marketing Communications Manager: Jessica Perry Project Manager, Editorial Production: Jennifer Risden Creative Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Vernon Boes Print Buyer: Karen Hunt Permissions Editor: Isabel Alves Production Service:Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDirector of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana

The Theme Of The Epic Of GilgameshAnd The Kite Runner

Throughout many centuries, there have been numerous stories that present readers with similar themes embedded throughout the writings. The Epic of Gilgamesh, The King Must Die, and The Kite Runner are all stories that contain the theme of redemption, and of one’s search for his/her identity. The theme of redemption is seen in Amir’s maturation throughout The Kite Runner. Amir grows up in Afghanistan in the later 1900’s, and is brought up luxuriously and with an education by Baba, his dad. This theme is also seen in Gilgamesh’s life story as he loses his friend and embarks on his journey to attain immortality. The theme, or concept, of missing a part of one’s identity is displayed in Hassan and Amir’s stories in The Kite Runner as well as†¦show more content†¦Amir is introduced to this opportunity to redeem himself, without knowing it, when he receives a phone call in which Rahim Kahn, a father figure to him, tells him that â€Å"the re is a way to be good again† (Hosseini 2). Rahim Khan is reassuring Amir that there is always a way to redeem oneself. In the beginning of the story, Gilgamesh is portrayed as an arrogant, selfish king who cares solely about his needs and desires, and who has little to no care for others. This is seen when the story talks about Gilgamesh forcing any woman he wants, every night, to sleep with him. He also disregards his people’s sufferings and wishes by ignoring the financial struggles they experience and not caring about their consent. Toward the middle of his life, Gilgamesh loses his friend to death and decides to embark on a journey to obtain immortality, and throughout this journey, he encounters several obstacles. The obstacles that he faces, including having his one chance at immortality taken from him, allow him to mature as a person. The emotions they bring out of him allow Gilgamesh to see outside of his selfishness and lead him to become a much more selfless and caring king. Amir’s redemption differs from Gilgamesh’s redemption. Amir makes it clear to the readers that he is aware of his cowardice, which produces within him utmost guilt that he can never surpass. On the other hand, Gilgamesh carries out his wrong doings in a forceful manner, such as when

John Keats Essay Example For Students

John Keats Essay While reading a poem the skills applied in its creation are often easilyoverlooked. However, it is the unsurpassed mastership of these skills what makesthis particular poet the most deserving recipient of this years prestigiousPOTY award. John Keats possesses unparallel poetic craftsmanship. Three of hispoems: On First Looking into Chapmans Homer, When I havefears.. ., and Ode to Autumn reveal his genius ness at the artof poetry. The first poem: On First Looking.. . displays Keatssmastership at one of the most difficult forms of poetry: the sonnet. What makesa sonnet such a difficult form of poetry is the fact that in each line there arefive accented and five unaccented syllables. This is difficult task toaccomplish by someone of limited writing experience. However, Keats showed hispoetic genius ness by mastering this form early in his writing career. The poemis in the form of an Italian sonnet which has a dual pattern: an octave ( 1steight lines)with a rhyming syntax of: abab abba, and a sextet (last six lines)with a rhyming pattern of: cdcd, making a total of 14 lines. In an Italiansonnet the poet focuses on a problem or a situation in the octave; then, in thesextet, he focuses on the solution of the problem or the significance of thesituation. In the first few lines, Keats describes the experience of where hehad been in his literary journey before encountering Homer: Much have I travelld. ..,/ And many .. ..states and kingdoms seen; ( Keats,lines 1-2). This is giving the reader the understanding that he had read many agreat literary books. And, although he had been told about Homer: Oft ofone wide expanse had I been told/ That. Homer ruled as his demesne, (5-6); it did not have the same effect as when he read it himself: Yet didI never breathe its pure serene/ Till I heard Chapman speak . : ( 7-8).The impact this experience had on him is told in the last six lines. First hecompares himself with an astronomer discovering a new planet: Then felt Ilike some watcher of the skies/ When a new planet swims into his ken; (9-10) or a voyageur discovering new territory: Or like stout Cortez whenwith eagle eyes/ He stard at the Pacific and all his men/ Lookd .. with awild surmise (11-13). After having read the poem, the reader cannothelp but feel the same awestruck ness that overpowered Keats. The second poem toshow Keatss craftsmanship is: When I have fear For the secondtime, Keats chooses to display his skill as a poet by writing in the form of asonnet, this time being a Shakespearean one. The difference between this sonnetand the Italian one is in the pattern. The Shakespearean sonnet has threequatrains (4 lines each) with a rhyming pattern of : abab cdcd efef, and acouplet (2 lines) with the rhyming pattern of: gg. This is the most difficultform of poetry to write, yet Keats shows no difficulty in its development makingone more addition to the structure: he puts his sonnet in the form of a periodicsentence. This means that the main idea of the sentence is at the end as it isin the poem. In the first quatrain he introduces the first part of the idea bysharing his innermost feelings on a subject very familiar to all: Death. Leavingthis world without his work being recognized was one of Keatss greatestemotional battles: When I have fears that I may cease to be/ Before mypen has gleand my teeming brain, (Keats, 1-2) . The second quatrainexpresses his anxiety of not being able to fulfill his potential: When Ibehold, . .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 , .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 .postImageUrl , .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 , .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62:hover , .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62:visited , .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62:active { border:0!important; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62:active , .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62 .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7384f79607358ffbf636da82f400b62:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kants Humanity Formula Essay. /Huge cloudy symbols of a high romance,/And think that I may neverlive to trace/ Their shadows, with the magic hand of chance; ( 5-8). Thethird quatrain is about his fear of not seeing his beloved evermore: Andwhen I feel, ./That I shall never look upon thee more, ( 10-11) Finally,after telling the world of all his fears, he comes to the conclusion that allhis ambitions for love and fame are meaningless, and in doing so, he submits tothe idea that when its his time to go, nothing will stand in the way: Ofthe wide world I stand alone , and think/ Till love and fame to nothingness dosink. (13-14). The third

Post-Colonial Literature Salman Rushdie Essay Essay Example

Post-Colonial Literature: Salman Rushdie Essay Essay The manner of Post-colonial authorship has been given the name â€Å"New English literature† most particularly for its really peculiar manner of composing that focuses on the treatment of colonisation. These types of Hagiographas have frequently dealt with assorted issues that are related to de-colonization or the cultural independency every bit good as the political power that is related to colonial regulation. Assorted writers have already tried to dig deep into this specific type of genre and they have been able to transport out their novels with racialist or colonial subtexts. Revie. 2003 ) The feature of post-colonial literature is that in its most modern signifier. it seeks to review the assorted modern-day post-colonial discourse that has been able to determine the times. Post-colonial plants are typically literature that seeks the procedure of re-writing and re-reading. This peculiar description of this specific type comes from the position of those who have been under the regulation of colonisation in the yesteryear. This peculiar type of manner is used in about every type of post-colonial literature novel that has been made. We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Colonial Literature: Salman Rushdie Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Colonial Literature: Salman Rushdie Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Colonial Literature: Salman Rushdie Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Due to the tone and the type of narrative that writers use with this peculiar type of literary work. the dwellers of those colonised states are most frequently portrayed as victims alternatively of enemies of those who have colonized them. This is one of the properties of this type of literature. The assorted actions of colonisers have long harmed those who have they tried to subject to their will and because of this fact. the writers who have had the privilege of composing about their unfairnesss have ever given the colonised people a destiny which was less than desirable. Revie. 2003 ) Salman Rushdie One of the most noteworthy writers who have already made their grade sing this peculiar type of literature is Salman Rushdie. The different types of fiction that Salman Rushdie has authored has been continuously monitored and analyzed for its different positions. A reappraisal of several of the books and his diaries will uncover that there is a proliferation of unfavorable judgments that concentrate chiefly on the subject of postcolonial affairs. His plants efficaciously address the assorted types of issues that have a political or societal nature. Some of these things address the fatwa every bit good as the publication of The Satanic Verses. Some of the sentiments that other authors and writers portion is that Rushdie is a postmodern author whose earnestly pushes the different boundaries of the novel in modern times. Rushdie had authored several novels and every bit different as the texts are from each other. so does Rushdie lodge a consistent type of message which is merely discernable from a broader point of view. One of the novels that Rushdie had written is Midnight’s Children. This was a novel that had already been published for already twenty old ages. This novel gave Salman Rushdie a noteworthy position because he was a really talented writer who wrote in English. This is one of the things that was rather singular about the writer since he was cognizant of different things about postcolonial national affairs of different states even though he was of Indian descent. This fact gave prominence to authors who were of a different race and therefore gave the literary partisans and assorted categories of people a new manner of looking different things. This cross-cultural manner of composing novels has shone the limelight on how post-colonial literature should non be limited to an writer of that peculiar state. This is one of the things that was highlighted when Rushdie churned out Midnight’s Children manner back in the 80’s. Midnight’s Children With his work. Midnight’s Children. this novel is about the power of mixture and interaction. This type of mixture that Rushdie tries to concentrate on is seen through the filter of the protagonist’s memory. Saleem Sinai is a individual who recalls the history of his household and provides the readers a really thorough history of the full Indian environment that he knows. The reader is thrust deep into the bosom of a peculiar period of India which basically covers the full timeline of India’s pre- every bit good as postcolonial twentieth-century history. The supporter who is said to be born during the first hr of independency from the British colonisers Begins by remembering his narration from about 32 old ages before that clip. He begins with his his heritage which focuses on his gramps. Aadam Aziz. This is one of the most noticeable things that one can see with this type of literature. The scheme of traveling back to put the phase for the present is one trait of postcolonial literature and at the oncoming of the novel. Rushdie masterfully inserts this type of characteristic in order to put the phase for the remainder of the novel. Throughout the novel. Saleem is set out to happen significance in his life but as the novel goes on. one learns that Saleem is really switched at birth by the nurse Mary Pereira with Aziz’s biological grandson. Shiva. The narrative really weaves a really complicated web as it turns out that Saleem is the illicit boy of Vanita who is the married woman of another Hindu who plays the squeeze box. Saleem writes out the narrative of his life and narrates it to his friend Padma. This is precisely the narrative that Saleem seems to narrate and remember over and over. ( Rushdie. 1996 ) It is through this peculiar novel that we find that remembering is non precisely something that is done on intent by the supporter but it someway flows out of his natural inclination to travel and concentrate on different fragments of his yesteryear. He Saleem manages to make the memory of his yesteryear through spots and pieces of information that he remembers throughout his life. It is through the act of remembering that Saleem seems to do sense out of the pandemonium that is about him as he compares remembering to pickling which to harmonizing to him is an â€Å"impure† act of love. ( Rushdie. 1996 ) Pickling for him is kind of a procedure that makes things new once more due to the fact that one dies without newness. One of the things that is implied here is the fact that we exist and are alive merely because of the fact that we continue to reinvent and remake ourselves in the sense that we recreate our universe and our world as we remember it and as we experience it. The writer gives a certain grade of importance to memory and how it has helped him with this peculiar novel in the sense that he makes it known to the readers that what they do is really of import. ( Hogue. 1996 ) Shame In the fresh Shame. Rushdie seeks to concentrate on a different type of characteristic. The author’s other novels seek to farther exemplify the different possibilities of mixtures but with this peculiar novel. Rushdie finds himself composing about choler. The pent-up province that one enters in when angered is what this novel is concentrating on. This is the clip that Rushdie retells the history of Pakistan of all time since the clip of its independency manner back in 1947. ( Rushdie. 2008 ) The narrative basically discusses three coevalss as focal points on the different lives of Raza Hyder who is a really successful and famed military general and Iskandar â€Å"Isky† Harappa who is a politician who came from being a man-about-town because of his wealths and wealth. These characters are really based on different existent life people–the former being President Zia-ul-Haq and the latter former Prime Minister Zulfikar Alik Butto. As seen in the different novels of Midnight’s Children and The Satanic Verses. the fresh Shame describes the colonizer-colonized relationship. In this peculiar relationship. the colonisers are those who are politically powerful and they are the characters Isky and Raza. They have been said to go pent-up individualities who have been mistreated in the yesteryear. The repression that can be found in the fresh Shame comes from the longstanding desire for pureness which is a a subject that is besides found in The Satanic Verses and Midnight’s Children. Pakistan is said to be the land of the pure and mohajirs. ( Rushdie. 2008 ) There have been revisions of their yesteryears in order to suit into this new myth of pureness that Pakistan is supposed to be. In such a novel. the writer seems to reject hybridity in exchange for pureness. With this peculiar novel. the writer seems to concentrate on this thought and high spots pureness in the face of choler and repression that is found in the relationship of the coloniser and the colonized. In this peculiar novel. the writer focuses on the choler that is found in the relationship of those colonisers and those who have been colonized. In relation to this peculiar apparatus. it is because of the repression that happens and because of the fact that people are in kernel filled with choler and hatred when they are stripped of their natural freedom. This fresh adheres straight to the type of literature that characterizes post-colonial interventions. The Demonic Poetries The Satanic Verses is the sort of novel that admonishes the reader to inquire assorted inquiries sing himself. This fresh focuses on individuality. As with the apparatus in a colonised province. there are assorted inquiries that arise because of such an act. The fresh begs to inquire the inquiry. â€Å"How does one act when one wins? † and â€Å"What sort of thought are you? † The former and the latter pertaining to the individuality of the individual is challenged because of the fact that they are thoughts which are ingrained in a individual. One of the characters in the novel is Gibreel Farishta who neer really develops a will of his ain and really becomes a beat-up and abused marionette of other people throughout the entireness of the novel. ( Rushdie. 2008 ) The inquiry of individuality dramas around with the fact that Gibreel is unable to be flexible and â€Å"impure† at the same clip. This peculiar apposition by the writer reveals a much larger image philosophically as it addresses the impression of world as a mere artefact that is masterfully handmade by the strength of words. The individuality of people is questioned in this peculiar novel because it focuses on individuality and what one individual should be when he encounters a peculiar challenge in his or her life. This is one of the things that a individual or a state struggles with when they are colonized. ( Spivak. 1993 ) Conclusion Through the assorted texts. the original of post-colonial literature was rather obvious because of the nature of the manner that the political orientations were presented. Through the different ways and secret plans that the writer introduced to the readers. he was able to to the full explicate and integrate the feelings and the thoughts that the coloniser and the colonized go through in their heads. Rushdie was able to plunge the readers in really profound narratives where he was able to remain faithful with the features and the nature of the genre of literature. The different novels that he authored are fantastic illustrations of how diverse the feelings and the thoughts are when one encounters colonisation firsthand.

Geology of the Tibetan Plateau

Geology of the Tibetan Plateau The Tibetan Plateau is an immense land, about 3,500 by 1,500 kilometers in size, averaging more than 5,000 meters in elevation. Its southern rim, the Himalaya-Karakoram complex, contains not just Mount Everest and all 13 other peaks higher than 8,000 meters, but hundreds of 7,000-meter peaks that are each higher than anywhere else on Earth. The Tibetan Plateau is not just the largest, highest area in the world today; it may be the largest and highest in all of geologic history. Thats because the set of events that formed it appears to be unique: a full-speed collision of two continental plates. Raising the Tibetan Plateau Nearly 100 million years ago, India separated from Africa as the supercontinent Gondwanaland broke up. From there the Indian plate moved north at speeds of around 150 millimeters per year- much faster than any plate is moving today. The Indian plate moved so quickly because it was being pulled from the north as the cold, dense oceanic crust making up that part of it was being subducted beneath the Asian plate. Once you start subducting this kind of crust, it wants to sink fast (see its present-day motion on this map). In Indias case, this slab pull was extra strong. Another reason may have been ridge push from the other edge of the plate, where the new, hot crust is created. New crust stands higher than old ocean crust, and the difference in elevation results in a downhill gradient. In Indias case, the mantle beneath Gondwanaland may have been especially hot and the ridge pushed stronger than usual too. About 55 million years ago, India began to plow directly into the Asian continent. Now when two continents meet, neither one can be subducted under the other. Continental rocks are too light. Instead, they pile up. The continental crust beneath the Tibetan Plateau is the thickest on Earth, some 70 kilometers on average and 100 kilometers in places. The Tibetan Plateau is a natural laboratory for studying how the crust behaves during the extremes of plate tectonics. For example, the Indian plate has pushed more than 2000 kilometers into Asia, and its still moving north at a good clip. What happens in this collision zone? Consequences of a Superthick Crust Because the crust of the Tibetan Plateau is twice its normal thickness, this mass of lightweight rock sits several kilometers higher than average through simple buoyancy and other mechanisms. Remember that the granitic rocks of the continents retain uranium and potassium, which are incompatible heat-producing radioactive elements that dont mix in the mantle beneath. Thus the thick crust of the Tibetan Plateau is unusually hot. This heat expands the rocks and helps the plateau float even higher. Another result is that the plateau is rather flat. The deeper crust appears to be so hot and soft that it flows easily, leaving the surface above its level. Theres evidence of a lot of outright melting inside the crust, which is unusual because high pressure tends to prevent rocks from melting. Action at the Edges, Education in the Middle On the Tibetan Plateaus north side, where the continental collision reaches farthest, the crust is being pushed aside to the east. This is why the large earthquakes there are strike-slip events, like those on Californias San Andreas fault, and not thrust quakes like those on the plateaus south side. That kind of deformation happens here at a uniquely large scale. The southern edge is a dramatic zone of underthrusting where a wedge of continental rock is being shoved more than 200 kilometers deep under the Himalaya. As the Indian plate is bent down, the Asian side is pushed up into the highest mountains on Earth. They continue to rise at about 3 millimeters per year. Gravity pushes the mountains down as the deeply subducted rocks push up, and the crust responds in different ways. Down in the middle layers, the crust spreads sideways along large faults, like wet fish in a pile, exposing deep-seated rocks. On top where the rocks are solid and brittle, landslides and erosion attack the heights. The Himalaya is so high and the monsoon rainfall upon it so great that erosion is a ferocious force. Some of the worlds largest rivers carry Himalayan sediment into the seas that flank India, building the worlds largest dirt piles in submarine fans. Uprisings from the Deep All this activity brings deep rocks to the surface unusually fast. Some have been buried deeper than 100 kilometers, yet surfaced fast enough to preserve rare metastable minerals like diamonds and coesite (high-pressure quartz). Bodies of granite formed tens of kilometers deep in the crust have been exposed after only two million years. The most extreme places in the Tibetan Plateau are its east and west ends- or syntaxes- where the mountain belts are bent almost double. The geometry of collision concentrates erosion there, in the form of the Indus River in the western syntaxis and the Yarlung Zangbo in the eastern syntaxis. These two mighty streams have removed nearly 20 kilometers of crust in the last three million years. The crust beneath responds to this unroofing by flowing upward and by melting. Thus  leading to the large mountain complexes rise in the Himalayan syntaxes- Nanga Parbat in the west and Namche Barwa in the east, which is rising 30 millimeters per year. A recent paper likened these two syntaxial upwellings to bulges in human blood vessels- tectonic aneurysms. These examples of feedback between erosion, uplift and continental collision may be the most wonderful marvel of the Tibetan Plateau.

How can an eco-house change people behaviour in the culture of Saudi Research Proposal

How can an eco-house change people behaviour in the culture of Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example This policy has been intended towards securing ample housing for various segments of the citizens within the country. However, the issues of global warming, renewable energy utilisation and efficient use of the natural resources for building houses are also required to be considered for efficient â€Å"sustainable housing implementation† within Saudi Arabia. There has to be initiative from the government for formulation of policy towards provision of sustainable housing at affordable prices. Any policy in this direction should have to be inclined towards fulfilment of mainly three objectives. Firstly, the policies should generate housing enhancement; secondly, they should empower the poor and finally the policies should be able to provide a feeling of self-privilege to the weaker sections of the people. Provision of sustainable housing has to be therefore concerned with the formation of ecosystem of houses (Choguill, 2007). An appropriate solution to the present problem in the country with respect to economic as well as environmental perspective is the foundation of an architecture model of eco house for the country. The successful implementation of sustainable housing in Saudi Arabia is essential to be supported by the government and to be backed up by the public awareness. The aim of the paper is to derive the best course of investment towards this aspect of the economy that not only finds an eco-house model but also contributes towards the economic aspect of housing policies through the royal order. The aim will be fulfilled with the help of achieving the objective of this research. The objective is to conduct research and identify every possible ways of designing an eco-friendly house that suits within the environment of Saudi Arabia. The methods of building sustainable houses are inclusive of making the best and comprehensive utilisation of the solar power, design of the site of house building, ventilation and natural light. For fulfilling the objec tive of this research, the methods will be analysed and presented for the creation of an eco-friendly house compatible with the Saudi Arabian environmental conditions such as that of availability of natural resources (Susilawati & A-Surf, 2011). The architecture model of an eco-house has been selected as the best option to the Saudi Arabian housing issue because it is an eco friendly house which provides the basis of leading a sustainable life to the people. The architecture model will be developed on the basis of availability and effectiveness of the natural resources within the country (Fields, 2011). With the designing of the most appropriate architecture model of an eco-friendly house for Saudi Arabia, the problem of both the economy as well as the environment can be encountered. The various methods of utilising the natural resources along with their effectiveness will provide the basis of architecture model of an eco-friendly house in Saudi Arabia. Architecture Model of Eco-Hou se for Saudi Arabia The following are the eco-friendly aspects to be incorporated within the houses to be build throughout the Kingdom: Water Storage facilities of rainwater, whenever it occurs should be incorporated in the sustainable houses. As there is scarcity of rain in Saudi Arabia, wells can be dig for gathering natural water from quite underground level which can be further utilised for using in laundry, cleaning and toilet. Various

Biodiversity, landscapes, and endangered species Research Paper

Biodiversity, landscapes, and endangered species - Research Paper Example This situation is the degree to which most species are being endangered and extinct. Clearly, until such as time that a pragmatic step is taken towards the protection of some of these species, the world may only become a place where there are fewer varieties of species than beautify our existence as people. From a scientific viewpoint also, this may affect the ecosystem negatively (Feldman, Divoll and Kyle-Rogan, 2009). This paper therefore seeks to critically study the life of Aaadonta irregularis as a critically endangered species from a scientific, practical and ethical viewpoint. Scientific perspective of Aaadonta irregularis Aaadonta irregularis is a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk, which is considered to be critically endangered by zoologists (Hardre et al, 2012). Aaadonta irregularis is a species of snail, meaning it is in the family Endodontidae and order Stylommatophora. Currently, the species is endemic to Palau, otherwise having Peleliu Island in Palau as its typic al locality since the late 19th century. The habitat of the species is lowland rainforest where it is an active agent in the ecosystem and the habitat as a whole. Known to be a weak member of the ecology of its habitat, Aaadonta irregularis is known to live a very solitude life characterized by very limited to rare locomotive activity (Schwartz et al, 2010). Regardless of this, is it able to interact and relate perfectly to its habitat including various other plant and animal species. For example Aaadonta irregularis depends heavily on plant life for food, movement and shelter. Unfortunately though, the species has not been able to withstand most of the competitions it receives from its habitat, including struggle for food and activities of snail hunters, leading to which no specimens were found in Peleliu in 2003 where earlier specimen had been collected in 1936 (Rundell, 2012). IUCN rates the population growth rate of Aaadonta irregularis as declining. What this means is that ther e seizes to be increases in the number of Aaadonta irregularis found in their usual habitat (Blanchard, Southerland and Granger, 2009). Several factors can be accounted for why this unfortunate situation prevails. One of the major factors has to do with human population growth, which has led to the expansion of most lowland riainforest in the Peleliu Island and other places that used to serve as active habitat for the species, being used as residential locations (Schwartz et al, 2010). Meanwhile, such activities of making forestlands human residence is characterized by activities that is harmful to Aaadonta irregularis including degradation of forest trees, earthling up and burning of forestlands. Noting Aaadonta irregularis as very weak species that cannot stand the strength of these activities, the very ultimate consequence of the activities on their lives is destruction of their very population base. Unfortunately, when most forms of these destructions approach the species, they are not the type that can rapidly move to find new habitats. Practical actions towards saving Aaadonta irregularis Conservation is very crucial and important for any species that suffers the kind of fate that Aaadonta irregularis currently suffers. But for conservation to take place, there are a number of actions that must be taken

Jekyll And Hyde The Musical Essay Example for Free

Jekyll And Hyde The Musical Essay The play was preformed in Bristol Hippodrome on the 11th May. The musical was about a doctor, Jekyll, who wants to see the other side of a persons soul. He believed that in every person there is a darker side, the opposite of a persons soul. He believes he has way of seeing this other person. He has an experiment that will enable him to do so but people wont listen to him and knock back his ideas. After his idea being rejected he decides what to do. He takes the potion, and from it emerges as his other double side, Hyde. Hyde is the opposite of Jekyll, and is a cold-blooded murderer. Jekyll and Hyde both know about each other and as Hyde finds out about Lucy he plans to do something about it. Jekyll cant control Hyde as Hyde forms a strong part of him. Throughout Hyde, kills people, one of which includes Lucy, a prostitute whom Jekyll had formed a friendship with. At the ending as Jekyll is about to marry Lisa, he makes himself get shot to end Hyde ever coming back. The main character in the play played both parts of Jekyll and Hyde. Whilst he was playing Jekyll, his appearance was smart and clean, whereas when he turned into Hyde his appearance was rough and sinister looking. Jekylls personality was kind and he was a gentle man. Hyde was his other side, being Vulgar and violent. Lisa was Jekylls fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e and was one of the only people whom listened to Jekyll. At the start they appeared to have a close relationship but as Jekyll turned into Hyde they became more distant, also this occurred when Jekyll met Lucy. Lucy was a prostitute who although seemed confident there was times when she showed her vulnerability and longing to go away from her life. When she met Jekyll, he was different and treated her with respects unlike all the other men. She falls in love with him, but as Hyde finds out about her he then kills her. The other characters in the play treat Jekyll as if he is just a doctor who has mad ideas but not worth the time to listen too. Hyde meanwhile makes people listen to him, right before he kills them. Jekylls relationship to other characters is distant apart from his fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e Lisa. Also when he meets Lucy, he is kind to her and they form a connection. Hyde doesnt care about anybody. But when he finds out about Lucy, he makes himself involved with her. At the end Hyde visits Lucy and kills her. Throughout the play Jekyll constantly changes into Hyde, and as the play progressed the transformation was sudden and at the end the change between them was every second or two as they spoke to each other before transforming. He changes throughout the play because of the potions effect and he changes without his consent, as Hyde starts to overpower him. There were contrasts between pace between and within scenes. These occurred when Hyde would emerge from Jekyll or the suddenness of the next scene change. The effect this created was to make the scene more alive with what the characters were feeling and what the situation was about. Some changes of paced were specifically linked to characters such as Hydes would be loud and lively whereas Jekylls would be more calm and quiet. The changes in pace added to the tension. The set was made up of one floor, which was changed into a bar, a street scene and mostly Jekylls laboratory. Then there were two flights of stairs leading to another floor, like a balcony. Both of the floors were used for different parts of the play. When Hyde killed a man on the top floor he would drop down onto the next one. There was a number of exists. The set was mostly dark colours but between the scenes the mood of the set could change. The colours were made lighter for the scene in the bar but darker for Jekyll changing into Hyde. The lightning added to the effect of the different atmospheres of the scenes. The effects used when Jekyll and Hyde were changing straight after one another were the lightning would swirl and for Jekyll a calm, good blue colour whereas Hyde had a blood red colour. It showed the contrast between the two characters. When Hyde first came and was in Jekylls room, the lightning used was Hyde hitting a table and the candle on it light up and the lightning was more dramatic and the music was rushed. When something dramatic happened the lighting would add to this by bright colours and the fastness of it. The lights had patterns on them, which showed, as well as the colours, what the action mood was. When it was calmer such as Jekyll it would be softer. The music used were suited to the part of the play it accompanied, such as when Hyde was on a killing spree the music was fast and dramatic. The opposite to when Jekyll was with Lisa or Lucy. Obviously as this play was a musical the words spoken would be a song about how that character was feeling or what was happening in that event of the play. The sound and music produced an atmosphere as it expressed clearly peoples emotions as to what was happening. One of the best moments was when Lucy and Lisa sang together. They both had feelings for Jekyll and combined them into one song with each other. The costumes of the characters were suited to them. Jekyll was smart and organised looking whereas Hyde was scruffy and threatening. Lucys was suited to her but when she met Jekyll she changed a bit as she had feelings for him. When Hyde kept changing more frequently it affected Jekylls appearance, as Jekyll seemed more worried his appearance would be nervous. The overall success of the play was good. There were some scenes which were better than others, Lucy and Lisa singing together, which lifted the play and improved it. There were parts of the play, Hyde first emerging from Jekyll, which also added to the feeling of the play. The main characters of the play stayed in character and played their parts well.

A Portrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis

A Portrait of Franz Kafka's Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis Franz Kafka seems to have had a tough time growing up with his father, who was apparently a domineering, unapproachable man. A few years before Franz's untimely death, he wrote a long letter to his father in an attempt to address many of the lingering issues which had plagued their relationship. He may have tried through his fictional writing to reach his father prior to the letter, using a kind of "metaphor code." Franz Kafka became other characters representing himself in his fiction. In The Metamorphosis, his character, whose name is Gregor Samsa, becomes a giant beetle as the result of an unexplained transformation at the very beginning. The fact that the author is actually the main character is so cleverly disguised and the details so carefully presented that this encoded message becomes an entertaining literary work in its own right. While many of Kafka's short stories, e.g. The Judgment, A Country Doctor, appear to be vignettes, The Metamorphosis is more or less a surreal self -portrait of Franz's life and his troubled relationship with his family. The concepts of psychological abuse, entrapment and escape are ongoing themes in Kafka's work, and The Metamorphosis contains several examples that specifically relate to his father. The main character takes the role as caretaker of the family, is transformed into a bug and left to eventually die in his room. In The Metamorphosis, the main character awakens from "troubled dreams" into an even more troubled reality. At the beginning, the rain beating against the window of his room gives him a depressed, melancholy feeling. This sets the tone for the entire story. According to Franz Kafka, his father c... ...or no affect on his father and their relationship, as he still felt compelled to write a long personal letter plainly stating his feelings. Although Franz intended for the letter to reach his father, it was never sent to him instead it was returned to Franz by his mother. Ironically, even in his straightforward attempt, Franz had failed, though, in a sense his father did read the letter by reading most of his son's work. The fact that he died only a few years later, long before his father did, seems to have been eerily foreshadowed in The Metamorphosis. Franz Kafka seems to have thought that some of the most liberating occurrences are those that are beyond one's control. Works Cited Kafka, Franz. Letter to His Father (1919) Kafka, Franz. "The Metamorphosis." Franz Kafka: The Complete Stories. Ed. Nahum N. Glatzer. N.Y.: Schocken Books Inc., 1971: 89-139.

Csr – Evaluation Methods

Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2011 An Evaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Implemented by Alcoa, Votorantim, and Vale as a Means to Aid in Poverty Alleviation in the Brazilian Regions These Mining Companies Operate Emily A. Coleman Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Coleman, Emily A. , â€Å"An Evaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Implemented by Alcoa, Votorantim, and Vale as a Means to Aid in Poverty Alleviation in the Brazilian Regions These Mining Companies Operate† (2011).CMC Senior Theses. Paper 198. http://scholarship. claremont. edu/cmc_theses/198 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by [email  protected] It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email  protected] claremont. edu. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE AN EVALUATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INITIATIVES I MPLEMENTED BY ALCOA, VOTORANTIM, AND VALE AS A MEANS TO AID IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE BRAZILIAN REGIONS THESE MINING COMPANIES OPERATE.SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR WILLIAM ASCHER AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY EMILY AIKO COLEMAN FOR SENIOR THESIS FALL 2010/ SPRING 2011 APRIL 25, 2011 Acknowledgements Thank you to my loving parents who supported me throughout my academic career from preschool to my degree at Claremont McKenna College. I would have never made it without you! Thank you to my excellent professors who have challenged me to stretch outside my comfort zone in order to help me grow academically and personally. A special thank you to Professor William Ascher for his undying support and constant critiques.You made this process enjoyable and stress free. I truly appreciate your invaluable contribution to my Claremont McKenna College education. Lastly, thank you to my friends, Career Services Center, Kravis Leadership Center, and the wonderful staff at Claremont McKenna College for you r friendship and support throughout my college career. Table of Contents I. The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in International Development Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation Techniques Corporate Social Responsibility Assessment Methods II.Historical Trends of Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies Implemented by Corporations in Brazil Background: Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazilian Business Culture Brazilian Government Social Policies Brazilian Government Environmental Policies Present State of Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Modalities of Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Corporate Social Responsibility in the Mining Industry Challenges Faced By Mining Companies The Mining Industry in Brazil III.ALCOA in Juruti, Para: Bauxite Mine and Shipping Port The Region Alcoa’s Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsib ility Initiatives Civil Society Organization Partners Conflicts with the Local Community Evaluation of Aloca’s Corporate Social Responsibility Program and Impacts Analysis of Aloca Corporate Social Responsibility Table 1. Alcoa corporate social responsibility programs and impacts analysis IV.Votorantim in Niquelandia, Goias: Nickel Mine and Processing Center The Region Votorantim’s Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Civil Society Organization Partners Conflicts and Community Challenges for Votorantim Program and Impacts Analysis of Vorotantim’s Corporate Social Responsibility Table 2. Votorantim corporate social responsibility programs and impacts analysis V.Vale in Carajas, Para: Iron Mine, Railroad, and Smelting Industry The Region Vale’s Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Civil Society Organization Partners Conflicts and Challenges at the Car ajas Mine Evaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility Program and Impact Analysis of Vale’s Corporate Social Responsibility 1 6 10 14 19 19 19 23 25 26 30 33 34 36 38 38 38 40 42 44 45 48 49 52 52 52 54 56 57 59 60 62 62 63 65 67 68 69 70 Table 3. Vale corporate social responsibility programs and impacts analysis VI.Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies: Alcoa, Votorantim, and Vale Evaluation of the Data Collection Analysis of Alcoa, Votorantim, and Vale’s Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Degree of Monitoring and Evaluations Implemented by Alcoa, Vale, and Votorantim Can Companies Learn from Corporate Social Responsibility Experiences? VII. Assessment and Recommendations Considerations for Corporate Social Responsibility Development and Implementation Implementation of Evaluations Conclusion VII. Bibliography 65 73 73 74 84 87 89 90 94 99 100I. The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in International Development Even though each year m illions of people in developing countries are rising out of poverty to join the emerging middle class, a large portion of the developing world still lives on less than $2 a day. Governments, non-governmental organizations, non-profits, and corporations acknowledge this disparity and aim to address the issue using a variety of methods. Mineral extraction corporations, in particular, have the potential to play a key role in alleviating poverty.These firms are eager to meet the increasing demands of the newly developing global middle class by spreading their operations further around the globe. Their sprawling presence creates new opportunities to serve the world? s impoverished through corporate social responsibility initiatives. Today, many of the problems seen in developing countries include inefficient distribution of resources, poverty, poor standards of living, overpopulation, malnutrition, disease, lack of education, gender inequality, and government corruption.Corporate social responsibility initiatives create new avenues to address these issues associated with developing nations. In the past 20 years, the private sector has been experiencing a paradigm shift from purely focusing on generating profits to also contributing to the social good. Today, civil society pressures corporations to not only earn profits, but also contribute to the betterment of society. Corporate social responsibility initiatives are methods of how companies can provide services to society.The term is roughly defined as â€Å"economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic expectations placed on organizations by society at a given point in time â€Å"(Carroll and Buchholtz 2000, 35). Carroll and Buchholtz argue that each of these corporate social responsibility components must be met before the 1 subsequent component can be met (2000). Essentially, businesses must first fulfill economic responsibilities which include, making profits, providing employees with safe and fair paying jobs, and providing customers with good quality products. More broadly speaking: to be a functioning economic unit and stay in business.Secondly, businesses need to commit to their legal responsibilities. Meaning a business must obey the laws and follow industry norms. Since the government is viewed as an extension of society, the laws that the government enacts are social codes that must be met before any other social responsibilities are pursued. The third step of corporate social responsibility is to address a business? s ethical responsibilities. Carroll defines this element as what is generally expected by society, above and beyond economic and legal requirements (1991).Society generally expects corporations to be just, fair, and to do what is right. Lastly, businesses will focus on corporate social responsibility philanthropic initiatives. The Greek word â€Å"philanthropy† directly translated means â€Å"the love of the fellow human. † Thus, philanthropic corporate s ocial responsibility is how businesses can positively contribute to the overall quality of life (Hennigfeld et al 2006, 8). Corporations are driven to participate in corporate social responsibility by a compilation of altruistic and utilitarian motives.The stronger and more integrated application of these motives precipitate richer, fuller relationships capable of producing higher value for stakeholders on multiple levels (Austin 2004, 30-32). Altruistic components refer to a passion to help society. Utilitarian components refer to organization competitiveness. It is important to note that each factor does not represent a â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† corporate social responsibility method. There is not an innate tension between the two because both are essential in the corporate social responsibility process. While it is important to serve the needs of the community, it is equally important to meet the legitimate needs of a corporation. (Austin 2004, 33). Davis and Blo mstrom's â€Å"Iron Law of Responsibility† suggests that â€Å"in the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it† (1975, 50). The most successful corporations must choose to intentionally and strategically become a part of the solution to complex issues today, in order to preserve their businesses for the future.Michael Porter, well-known for his work on competitive advantage, argues that if a corporate philanthropic activity does not have a strategy base, it is a disadvantageous activity. Thus, even though companies gear corporate social responsibility towards an altruistic element, a utilitarian element must be present, as well. Porter attests that certain philanthropic investments will create a long-term competitive advantage for business, industries, and communities (2003). In some cases, companies are better equipped than governments to meet society? needs because they possess specialized skills and te chnologies that are significantly more efficient than government. Similarly, the â€Å"bottom of the pyramid† method aims to tap into the nearly 4 billion person market in developing countries. When companies transform their products to meet the financial and resource needs of this market they simultaneously increase profitability and contribute to reducing poverty. In addition, when companies contribute to social, economic, or environmental community needs the company is investing in the region? s potential for business operations in the future.As a result, improving the company? s competitive advantage compared to those companies who do not participate in equitable quality corporate social responsibility. 3 Adversaries of corporate social responsibility business strategy refute that corporations should play a role in philanthropic activities. Milton Friedman once attested that the primary â€Å"social responsibility of business is to make profits (Friedman, 1970). † Within his argument, Friedman claims that only human beings are responsible for their actions and that corporations are not considered human beings.Therefore, corporations are not responsible for their business activities, but rather the individuals a part of the corporation must hold themselves responsible. Further, Friedman (1970) asserts that social issues should be the responsibility of the state, not business. This is because managers do not have the capacity to understand how to address society? s needs. This rests under government jurisdiction. Since legal restrictions on business activity are set in place by the government, who represents society, managers are obligated to solely act in the interest of shareholders, as long as the mandatory legal framework is being met.According to Friedman, shareholder interest revolves around fulfilling the corporation? s central purpose: profitability (1970). For managers to act otherwise, would be considered „theft? from shareholde rs. Friedman does not deny that corporations participate in such corporate social responsibility activities, however he argues that any business action performed for corporate-interest should not be classified as corporate social responsibility (1970). If actions are grounded in a central goal to produce profit, then Friedman reasons it should be not characterized as a corporate social responsibility activity.Either way, corporations are engaging in corporate social responsibility activities, therefore, investigating the most efficient models provides valuable information to these entities. Determining which element causes the other, corporate social responsibility initiatives or profitability, is nearly impossible to prove because of the ambiguity between 4 each factor. There is, however, a positive relationship (Porter and Kramer, 2002). So according to Carroll? four-level corporate social responsibility design, it is imperative that corporations take into account social concerns because corporate social responsibility promotes profitability, which is the first requirement of his corporate social responsibility model. Corporations are attracted to corporate social responsibility activities because of the multi-tiered benefits for the community and the corporation itself. For example, by using a socially responsible business structure studies show an increase in new consumers who are attracted to the company? s positive reputation.Further, companies who uphold social responsibility attract a higher quality workforce, which is even more committed to their corporation because of its perceived socially responsible mission. Establishing a positive mutual relationship with the government is also an advantage for corporations. They gain more autonomy from and influence over legislation in order to promote their own business practices. Overall, corporate social responsibility represents short-term and long-term investments in the local population, government, and ec onomy to secure a prosperous business in the future (Henningfeld 2006).Individual corporations participating in corporate social responsibility initiatives dictate their own strategies according to their industry norms, available corporate resources, and specific community needs. Some corporations commit to meeting the minimum governmental regulations. By doing this, corporations curb the most pressing public concerns, but do not go beyond their legal obligation. On the other hand, corporate social responsibility could be used to fulfill a philanthropic vision in which a corporation proactively and consistently contributes to society above and beyond the basic governmental requirements.Regardless of the differing corporate social responsibility 5 missions, each entity strategically formulates their corporate social responsibility agenda to, in some regard, meet the needs of the communities it affects. This agenda dictates how a corporation? s resources and expertise are administered . Discussed below are examples of methods in which corporations may construct corporate social responsibility initiatives. This information represents hypothetical strategies and possible results, not necessarily strategies proven to be most effective.Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies (1) Environmental Sustainability Environmental sustainability initiatives aim to provide an environment that meets the needs of those today, without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations, 1992). Since a wide range of people benefit from sustainable development and environmental activist groups strongly support these initiatives it is useful in influencing positive public opinion. In addition, corporations preserve future resources for their own business activities.The first step corporations take in pursuing environmental sustainability is to thoroughly research the environmental impacts of their operations. If corporations are producing negati ve environmental externalities, local communities are inflicted with present and future environmental challenges. In response, corporate social responsibility resources are used to create proactive and retroactive sustainable business responses, techniques, and technologies in order to reduce their direct environmental impacts. Further, environmental education and sustainable community development can be provided.This strategy places more responsibility on the local citizens to use their sustainability education to benefit their 6 own community. In theory, it creates a longer lasting sustainable influence because community members can use their knowledge throughout their entire lifetimes and pass on sustainable traditions to future generations. (2) Anti-corruption/ Anti-bribery Multinational corporations operating in the developing world typically possess more influence over political, social, and economic issues than local community members.This is due to the fact that the corporat ions have superior financial resources, connection with the government and knowledge about national legal issues. Despite this power disparity, it is in a corporation? s best interest to avoid engaging in corrupt activity. The news of questionable business operations eventually leaks out to the global community. Currently, international business etiquette disapproves of corrupt behavior and views it as immoral. A company that participates in corrupt activities negatively impacts its reputation, thus, diminishing shareholder confidence and ultimately decreasing overall business value.To avoid this, a corporation should adopt anticorruption and anti-bribery corporate social responsibility strategies. When a corporation refuses to engage in dishonest activities, it reflects positively on corporate operations and adds to a just political climate (Stewart 2009). In addition, a contribution to a smooth running government benefits corporations because they can operate with few governmental interventions and also save money by avoiding bribes. 7 (3) Local Economic Development Corporations may choose to invest in local economic development.As a method to spur business growth corporations provide microfinance loans to local start-up or small businesses within the community. Business management courses that extend knowledge concerning entrepreneurship and sustainable business are another beneficial corporate social responsibility economic development alternative (Stewart 2009). In addition, contribution to infrastructure such as roads, ports, and city centers are beneficial for local trade because goods can be more efficiently transferred over a broader region. 4) Education and Training If a corporation employs people from the local community, it is necessary that these people are trained adequately. Education integration into business operations is imperative for social development (Nelson 2006). Corporate social responsibility focused on educational development helps p eople become more self-sufficient by teaching them skills that will attribute to being more productive members of society. This type of corporate social responsibility strategy, creates valuable human capital. Corporations could choose to focus on primarily employee training or choose to extend services to the entire community.The latter would consist of supporting primary to tertiary schools in order to invest in local human capital for potential future employees. The locally operating corporations will be more efficient with trained and educated employees who gain business and operations skills. 8 (5) Health and Wellness Access to health care services attributes to healthier community members, therefore extending a person? s work life and improving productivity. â€Å"Business works best when operating in stable and secure societies,† (Plugge 2004) in which a healthy workforce plays an important role.Corporate social responsibility health and wellness strategies may include education about basic hygiene, nutrition, and sanitation. Corporations who open access to basic medicines reduce the risk of many common illnesses that could be avoided or significantly reduced. All of these benefits contribute to stronger, healthier, and more productive employees. (6) Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Evidence shows that empowering women contributes to positive socio-economic development within communities in developing countries (Malhorta et al 2002, 33).Female leadership programs, increase corporate employment of women, provide microfinance loans for female entrepreneurs, and establish strict sexual harassment corporate policies are all possible corporate social responsibility gender equality initiatives (Plugge 2004, 6). By empowering women, more people are added to the work force, more businesses are developed, and familial relationships are more equalized. As a result, the community becomes increasingly competitive. (7) Employee Volunteerism Highly qualif ied professionals immigrate into local developing communities when a large business opens.These people have received ample training and are intellectually 9 qualified to operate a business on multiple levels. Using employee volunteerism within the local community is another example of a beneficial corporate social responsibility strategy. Depending on each employee? s skill set, corporate volunteers serve the community by improving local business strategies, infrastructure, education system, and public services. Studies have shown that employees desire a sense of â€Å"self-worth and a belief that their work provides value to the community,† rather than solely receiving high salaries (Shayon et al 1975, 2).Employee volunteerism fulfills this desire for importance in corporate work. When employees participate in volunteer work they also gain and perfect skills that will be more effective within corporate operations. Hence, this corporate social responsibility technique improve s employee morale, provides needed services to the community, and advances employee skills. Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation Techniques Corporations choose from a variety of implementation techniques in order to maximize the positive effects of each corporate social responsibility strategy within communities.Specific techniques are â€Å"aimed at mobilizing not only money, but also the company? s people, products, and premises to help support and strengthen local communities and non-profit partners† (Nelson 2006, 7). Discussed below are examples of corporate social responsibility implementation techniques that multinational corporations invest in. 10 (1) Philanthropic Cash Donations The philanthropic corporate donation phenomenon began in the United States during the 20th century with business leaders such as Rockefeller, Mellon, Ford, Gates, Kellogg, and Packard.This type of relationship is based upon responses to non-profit requests for donations with simple à ¢â‚¬Å"check-writing,† rather than a deeper interaction with charitable organizations. Interactions between corporations and non-profits are usually infrequent, with low engagement, and do not apply strategic planning. The basis for this implementation technique is to promote company image in a way that consumers and stakeholders perceive a compassionate and responsible institution. On the flipside, nonprofits receive the necessary funding to maintain service operations (Austin 2004, 4). 2) Independent Service Provider Less commonly pursued, corporations may choose to develop an â€Å"in-house† philanthropic service department to carry out their corporate social responsibility strategies. This department would act as the management team for the creation and implementation of corporate social responsibility strategies autonomous from non-profits, non-governmental organizations or the government. Nonetheless, consultation from these service organizations and the government occurs because of their specialized understanding of philanthropic initiatives which the corporation does not possess.Employee volunteerism would be the most common resource used within this implementation technique because it is one of the most accessible assets the company holds. 11 Direct Corporate Humanitarian Investments represent another form of independent service provider implementation technique that corporations autonomously develop. This technique â€Å"involves a firm using its resources and know-how to alleviate a particular instance of human misery† (Dunfee ; Hess 2000, 95). Corporations with specific niches in a development sector best optimize this technique.For example, the pharmaceutical company, Merck, held the patent to the drug that controlled river blindness. Hence, Merck was the only entity that could distribute this drug independently to developing communities for a reduced price. (3) Partnerships Corporate and social sector partnerships resemble a jo int-venture relationship in order to achieve common philanthropic goals central to the mission of each institution. Within the partnership each organization shares its resources equally and frequently communicates about specific initiatives.In addition, the managerial complexity required within a partnership typically precipitates a separate department to directly manage and implement the bilateral exchanges (Austin 2004, 4-5). In contrast to the previous implementation techniques, corporations acting in a partnership focus on specific initiatives and programs. For example, cause-marketing, project development, and synchronization of strategies are all activities involved within corporate and non-profit partnerships. Multinational corporations play an additional role in partnership corporate social responsibility implementation.Specifically, multinational corporations frequently participate in cross-sector partnerships because most have a mission to engage with the local community. Not only do corporations transfer technology and economic 12 development, but also their values and social policies (Austin 2004, 35). This adds another level of influence within the partnership. Methods of how corporations establish partnerships include social networking, past relationships, connections through acquaintances, related institutions or an affiliation with a specific cause.Typically in developing countries partnerships are with reputable non-profits or non-governmental organizations. Corporations partner with mostly traditional institutions because of their established reliability and proven success. In more progressive developing countries relationships could be developed with local service organizations, but in more underdeveloped countries multinational western based service organizations are used. A partnership acts as a form of risk-management for both the corporation and non-profit organization.Corporations utilize a partnership as an effective tool to address in curred harm to the community from business activities or as a resource to resolve future issues (Austin 2004, 34). Specifically in industries that produce negative externalities, a preventative alliance with a non-profit that specializes in neutralizing harmful business activities is extremely advantageous. Businesses cut-costs, improve public image, and engage with the local community with an established partnership. Moreover, when a corporation partners with the government or provides a service to society, both parties create a â€Å"win-win† relationship (Steward 2009, 18).The government gains from the economic development, material wealth, and jobs that corporations provide. Corporations benefit from government investment in infrastructure and legal protections. In addition, the government determines laws and regulations that a corporation must abide by. Thus, positive and reliable partnerships would influence the government to be more willing to 13 responsive to accommod ating corporate needs. Governments are better off because corporations create an increase in GDP, provide jobs to local citizens and contribute to national development.Non-profits and non-governmental organizations further gain from partnering with corporations. Funding diversification and reducing dependence on public resources are the main examples of how these organizations reduce their business risks. Corporations provide a secure source of funding despite possible government fluctuations in monetary support. For example, if a non-profit organization relies solely on government funding and there is a change in government leadership, budgeting, or policy that reduces funding to the non-profit, the organization would be at-risk of losing many resources.By partnering with corporations, non-profits and non-governmental organizations reduce their financial risk and gain valuable business strategy consultation. Corporate Social Responsibility Assessment Methods The evaluation of corpo rate social responsibility initiatives is extremely important for organizational analysis and public awareness. Documenting corporate social responsibility investments may influence corporations to be more accountable and take more ownership over their activities because it will be appraised by corporate and public experts.Firms use a variety of corporate social responsibility assessment methods in order to internally assess and externally report their corporate social responsibility investments. Reporting assessments may be an important and efficient way to communicate corporate social responsibility investments and achievements with academia, the financial community, government, policy makers, regulators, interest 14 groups, non-governmental organizations, general public, the local community, employees, shareholders, and the industry (Tilt 1994).Jason Saul (2009) believes that â€Å"at the end of the day we have to demonstrate value, and the way we demonstrate value to business, and to society, is by speaking the language of the business—by speaking the language of measurement. † Therefore, he argues that quantitative analysis of corporate social responsibility initiatives and reporting is a key component of corporate social responsibility management. In addition, if companies choose to use the internet and their websites to disseminate their social and environmental activities they have the potential to increase their transparency.This is an advantageous mode of communication because of its wide accessibility, low-costs, and ability to easily create in-depth or interactive tools (Line et al, 2002). The information gathered from expert audits, annual reports, corporate social disclosure reports, environmental sustainability reports and corporate assessments can be used to assess the efficiencies and short comings of corporate social responsibility initiatives. Important factors to consider are generally firm transparency, corporate governance, code of conduct, corporate social disclosure, social mpacts, community relationships, product quality, and stewardship (Szablowski 2006, 49). Thomas Haynes (1999) further recommends all companies measure four critical areas of corporate social responsibility: 1) economic function, 2) quality of life, 3) social investment, and 4) problem-solving. However, Harold D. Lasswell would consider these four critical areas incomplete because it does not take into account the evaluation of corporate social responsibility investments and policies according to the appraisal results. The corporate social responsibility goals must be specific and clear in order for the evaluations to be 15 ffectively implemented to improve corporate social responsibility programs and investments or to propose alternatives. In the past decade, corporate social disclosure reports are being more commonly used. These reports consist of voluntary and mandatory accounting of community issues above purely economic activi ties, such as human resources, community involvement, energy, product safety, environmental issues). The Corporate Citizenship Company, an international corporate responsibility and sustainability consulting firm, uses seven categories to assess the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility activities.Assessment Factors by Corporate Citizenship Company (Yakovleva 2005, 23) 1) Shareholders a. Return on investment b. Corporate governance 2) Employees a. Salary and Benefits b. Health and safety c. Training and staff development d. Diversity e. Communications 3) Consumers a. Price/ value b. Quality of product c. Advertising policy 4) Business partners a. Jobs sustained b. Payment of bills c. Technology transfer 5) Government a. Tax contribution b. Local economic impact c. Transfer pricing policies 6) Community a. Charity contributions b.Local economic impact c. Transfer pricing policies 7) Environment a. Sustainable raw materials 16 b. Emissions to water and air c. Energy efficie ncy d. Waste management e. Reduced packaging f. Consumer education In partnership with the Corporate Citizenship Company, the London Benchmarking Group analyzes corporate social responsibility investments and gives each program and service quantitative value. The LBG was founded in 1994 and consists of over 100 companies dedicated to measuring Corporate Community Investment. Hundreds of companies round the world use the LBG method to quantitatively value corporate social responsibility activities. Monetary values are applied to 5 variations of business activities: 1) business basics, 2) mandatory contributions, 3) commercial initiatives in the community, 4) community investment, and 5) charitable gifts. These varying business activities allow corporations to classify a monetary value to a company? s corporate social responsibility inputs including cash, time, in-kind, and management costs (â€Å"Measure for Measure,† 2004).The companies also assess their corporate social resp onsibility outputs and impacts in order to equate the net gains of corporate social responsibility investment. For example, new availability of cash or other resource, quantity of people aided, and business benefits represent measurable outputs. Assessment tools have the potential to be extremely valuable in corporate social responsibility strategies. Companies should be evaluating the performance of their corporate social responsibility investments to gain further intelligence about how to efficiently improve the use of their corporate resources.However, currently corporations are not required by law to report their corporate social responsibility activities. Those that do report use different methodologies, creating inconsistencies in appraisals techniques. 17 Some models that companies are presently using could be omitting crucial key factors in corporate social responsibility efficiencies, thus, providing incomplete information. A comprehensive corporate social responsibility ev aluation model needs to be established in order to effectively assess and improve corporate social responsibility activities. 8 II. Historical Trends of Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies Implemented by Corporations in Brazil Background: Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Throughout Brazilian history, philanthropic and charitable donations were significantly represented in the nation? s culture. Since the colonial period, the Catholic Church has inspired the establishment of many civil society organizations that carry out needed services for society. This movement grew during the industrialization period and gained substantial public support.During military rule, civil society organizations diminished in quantity because of the extremely centralized government. By the democratization period during the late 1980s until present, more and more corporations have adopted corporate social responsibility initiatives, thus, influencing a shift in Brazilian business culture. B razilian society remains highly centered around philanthropic concerns, which is made evident through a study cited by Cappellin and Giuliani. In 2000, 70 percent of the adult population donated goods and money to social organizations or people in need (2004).Understanding the historical trends of the evolution from philanthropy to corporate social responsibility strategies will provide more insight into the analysis of mining company corporate social responsibility and how it could be most effectively implemented. Brazilian colonial development was originally based upon an agricultural slave economy under an authoritarian and centralized government. The country? s colonial origins also influenced the predominance of the Catholic Church in Brazilian society. The state collaborated heavily with the Church.Responsible for public services including education, health and social welfare, the Church played an important role in connecting 19 the state to its people. After the separation of Church and state in 1891, the Church continued to invest in schools, hospitals and charitable works (Landim 1998, 68). During this period, â€Å"popular Catholicism† inspired the establishment of the first societal associations, including the most notable â€Å"Brotherhoods of Mercy. † These endeavors were sponsored by the business elites, who helped in establishing a philanthropic cultural norm among many wealthy citizens.These associations were used for worship, as well as creating some of the first hospitals, homes and psychiatric hospitals (Landim 1998, 67). Corporations did not notably donate to philanthropic associations, but business leaders contributed individually. The state managed Brazilian society in a hierarchical fashion that maintained power and wealth within exclusive authoritarian elite. For example, societal changes generated by industrialization in the late nineteenth century were managed using agreements between the dominant elites (Landim 1998, 64 ).Under governance, the Brazilian rich became relatively richer while the poor became relatively poorer. This disparity is evident to this day. During the industrialization period between 1822 and 1930, the government established associations to provide services and resources to the unemployed as a strategy to attract foreign workers. Trade unions gained momentum during this period, as well. Thus, businesses were forced to deal with employee rights and services in order to contract with the trade unions.James Austin notes that if corporate social responsibility was implemented, it only extend to corporate employees (Austin 2004, 29) during the industrialization period. Military governments controlled the state from 1964-1985. They prioritized economic growth through expanding its industrialization system to diversify from the 20 previous mono-culture agriculture of sugar, rubber, coca, and coffee (Schroy 2006). In the mid-twentieth century the military government instigated anti-inf lation policies and invested in economic infrastructure: industry, transportation, and power, but failing in essential reform of public education (Evanson 2002).In addition, this period also marked the suppression of social organizations and social movements. The state controlled all social initiatives from education, to social security and health care. Consequently, the evolution of corporate philanthropy into Brazilian business strategy became extremely limited. However, the Brazilian non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations and non-profits that did operate during the period of military rule were given minimal supported by the government, so some organizations turned to corporations as a source of resources and funding.This process led to significant alterations to how Brazilian social organizations strategized their operating models (Austin 2004, 207). Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazilian Business Culture In Brazil, like elsewhere, companies are being c hallenged to better strategize their corporate social responsibility resources in order to become a part of the shifting paradigm that businesses should implement corporate social responsibility initiatives in their development. A survey conducted by Instituto Ethos (2002), a Brazilian corporate social responsibility on-profit organization founded in 1998, reveals that Brazilian consumers expect ethical behavior from companies. It is no longer acceptable for a corporation to produce negative externalities without engaging in activities to recuperate and compensate those who are affected. On the other hand, Brazilian consumers seek out 21 companies that operate sustainably, collaborate with the community, and provide quality working conditions (Instituto Ethos 2002). Corporations increasingly devote more resources to their corporate social responsibility initiatives as a result of public pressure and evolving business missions.In the 1990s, an increase in civil society organizations occurred because of the changing economy and collaboration of business leaders. Liberalizing the Brazilian economy presented many challenges due to over 25 years of strictly regulated military rule. After eradicating most trade barriers, local Brazilian businesses were faced with intense international competition that nearly suffocated local businesses. This created an extremely unfavorable economy for corporate commitment to factors outside of direct business activities, such as corporate social responsibility.Instead, business leaders personally founded third-sector organizations in order to influence legislation and public opinion regarding issues they were most passionate about. For example, a group of business people who all had a mission to mobilize, encourage, and help companies manage their business in a socially responsible way, established Instituto Ethos. Once the Brazilian economy began to recover in the mid-1990s, businesses slowly started engaging in corporate social r esponsibility initiatives once again, first with charitable giving (Austin, 2004) to many of the newly established third-sector organizations.The increase in research, academic studies, dissemination pieces, and broad media communication about corporate responsibility initiatives has further influenced businesses to participate in corporate social responsibility activities. The stronger spotlight on this shifting business paradigm further increases awareness and promotes widespread expectation of corporate social responsibility investment. 22 Brazilian Government Social Policies During the early part of the twentieth century, civil society organizations rapidly gained a strong presence within Brazilian culture.In 1938, the Decree-Law was enacted establishing the Conselho Nacional de Servico Social (National Social Service Council or CNSS): a linkage institution between the state and public sector. The institution? s main duties included implementing and assessing aid to the poor and determine which nonprofits should receive government funding. In addition, the Legiao Brasileira de Assistencia (Brazilian Legion of Assistance or LBA) was established to serve the needs of the noticeably vulnerable portions of the population, for example, young children, pregnant women, and the elderly.These services were carried out with the partnership of social or church organizations. These departments of state maintained a social network within the government and society that set a precedent for subsequent social governing and Brazilian culture. The military acted as a highly centralized functioning government from 1964 to 1988. Under military rule, the government directly controlled the economy, national development, and social service agencies. The military focused on rapid economic growth and expansion creating the â€Å"Brazilian Economic Miracle. From 1964-1972, Brazil experienced an average of 10% GDP growth (Schroy 2006). Despite its economic achievements, Brazil negl ected education and health care reform leaving a significant portion of the population in poverty (Evanson 2002). By the end of military rule, the economic disparities between the rich and poor were epic creating the societal need for poverty assistance. 23 The current democratic government and constitution were founded in 1988 after the military relinquished governing power. In light of the experience under the military governments, the 1988 constitution directly protects Brazilian civil rights.It is best known as the â€Å"Citizen Constitution† due to the state? s commitment to enhancing social policies and defending human rights (Austin 2004, 210). This philosophy aids in developing and maintaining civil society organizations that contribute to reducing poverty, improving health care and education, and protecting the environment. Government regulation of business also reflects the protection of civil rights. For example, in 1995 the Environmental Crime Law was enacted to g ive citizens the right to sue business executives in court if they do not comply ith health, environmental, or safety standards (Cardoso 2003). To understand the remaining needs and opportunities for corporate social responsibility contributions, it is important to understand existing social policies. Currently, the Brazilian government actively implements social service programs for poverty alleviation and social safety protection. The government of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva established the Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate a Fome (Social Development and Fight Against Hunger Ministry or MDS) in 2004.This ministry enacted â€Å"Assistencia Social† (Social Assistance), â€Å"Bolsa Familia† (Family Bag), â€Å"Seguranca Alimentar e Hutricional† (Food and Nutrition Security), â€Å"Inclusao Produtiva† (Production Inclusion), and â€Å"Avaliacao e Gestao oa Informacao† (Information Management and Evaluation) all aimed at elevatin g poverty and promoting human development (Desenvolvimento Social, 2010). As a result, Brazil? s poverty rate declined by 20 percent during the 1990s (Cardoso 2003). Bolsa Familia was created in 2003 as a 24 ethod to reduce short-term poverty and combat long-term poverty by requiring children to attend school and become vaccinated. Currently, the program provides 11 million families with US$44 a month (Casanova 2009, 141). The past decade has shown even more social improvements. The World Bank justifies that living on less than US$1. 25 equates to living in poverty. In 2003, 22. 9 percent of the Brazilian population was impoverished, but by 2009 only 10 percent of the population was impoverished (Santos 2010). It is important to note that there are still many weaknesses within the social system. 3 percent of the active working population does not qualify for unemployment or social insurance, leaving them at risk against sickness, accidents or maternity leave. At the same time, 20. 3 percent of children are still living in poverty (Santos 2010). Overall though, the system as a whole has been effective in reducing poverty. Brazilian Government Environmental Policies The government has a formal commitment to sustainable development in addition to improving civil society. For instance, the Brazilian â€Å"Environmental Protection and Licensing Plan† requires corporations to receive a „Previous License? „Installation License? , and „Operation License?. At each stage, environmental risk assessments must be completed by the company and approved by the environmental government agency, Insituto Brazileiro do Meio Ambiental (IBAMA 2010). At any time in the application process, the Brazilian government has the right to halt construction. Government regulations appear to be strict; however, past precedent shows that the government encourages profitable resource extraction industries, such as mining. Mineral exports are a robust commodity for Brazi l contributing to GDP and tax revenue for the quickly 25 eveloping nation. Therefore, the government reduces regulation and loosens its monitoring system in order to promote rapid resource extraction and increase national revenue. At the same time of the increasing expansion of the mining industry, the International Council of Minerals and Metals, consisting of 19 robust multinational mining corporations, have set in place environmental and social commitments in an attempt to preserve environmental and social rights. Each mining project must receive a â€Å"Social License to Operate† from the International Council of Minerals and Metals.This requires consent by the local community through negotiations and written agreement of how the community will regulate mining activities. The firm is obligated to administer an environmental impact assessment to pinpoint potentially hazardous affects on the environment and how it plans to rehabilitate any degraded environments. However, th e International Council of Minerals and Metals does not regulate corporate social responsibility initiatives. Companies themselves are responsible for implementation and assessment.Present State of Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Instituto Ethos, Brazil? s prominent social change non-profit organization, reports that more than half of Brazilian companies implement social policies (2010). Public opinion continues to promote a shift in corporate culture to develop solutions to some of the country? s toughest problems such as, environmental degradation, poverty, and health care. The vast inequalities within Brazilian society have become a hot topic among international development organizations. For example, even though Brazil? s economy is 26 anked as the eighth largest economy in the world (IMF 2010), 50 million people are living on less than US$30 a month. Globally, Brazil is ranked 4th to last in income distribution and 73rd on the Human Development Index (Austin 2004, 215 ). This wealth disparity highlights the extensive potential corporate social responsibility initiatives could have upon the disadvantaged populations. Corporations operating in Brazil view corporate social responsibility as a tool to restore trust among the public by serving those who suffer from the unequal distribution of national wealth originally initiated by some of these corporations.SustainAbility ViceChairman Geoff Lye reasons that â€Å"if business leaders can make a difference but choose not to, they will live to regret the disruptive social, environmental, and economic consequences that will result from failing to achieve development goals† (Lye 2006). Purely focusing on firm profitability is not enough now. A corporation? s culture, impact, and global image play an imperative role in Brazilian business activity. Businesses that do, however, chose to participate in corporate social responsibility initiatives usually focus on issues that have relevance to their own business activities.For instance, Roberta Mokrejs Paro and Claudio Bruzzi Boechat (2008) researched business priorities and corporate social responsibility initiatives of 30 Brazilian companies. The study uncovered that corporations prefer corporate social responsibility activities that are important for business activities. For example, the top four corporate social responsibility initiatives among the participants are in the energy, water, education, and environmental sectors. These were also the top four sectors for the implementation of business activities (Paro 2008, 539). 7 The Brazilian government heavily promotes corporate social responsibility activities, as well as, implements extensive corporate regulations in order to protect its environmental, social, and economic identities. Even though some business philosophies behind corporate social responsibility activities appear to be clearly defined and structured, often the reality is a different scenario. Emilio Klein a resea rcher at the International Labor Organization remarks about corporate social responsibility in Brazil Hopkins 2007, 177): †¦in that country everything is there on paper, perfectly neat and rational. But when you check the reality then things are very different. I would say that roughly in Latin American large corporations, and almost all enterprises, lack something that is essential in the background of your definition: fairness. They are unfair with their stakeholders, both inside and outside, and they can be so because they have all the power, including of course the government. If you add to that their short-term perspective, then you get what we get [in Brazil].Employees, customers, purveyors or whatever, are being squeezed and pushed around by business, particularly those related to basic services (privatized), financial services and commerce. Even though the Brazilian government has set into place complex social and environmental protection laws, the enforcement and regul ation of these principles are extremely limited. Therefore, businesses easily take advantage of local communities by out maneuvering them through economic and political avenues. As a result, businesses typically operate according to their own motives, not the governmental guidelines.Instituto Ethos uses strategies such as expanding the corporate social responsibility movement, deepen corporate social responsibility practices, creating a more favorable business environment for corporate social responsibility, and articulating corporate social responsibility within public policies to achieve their mission. Currently, this Brazilian corporate social responsibility organization has 907 member companies 28 who combined employ about 1. 2 million people and contribute to about 30 percent of GDP. Business represents one of the most powerful groups in Brazilian society.Therefore, it is pivotal that this sector engages in corporate social responsibility activities to achieve development succe ss. In 1999, the UN Secretary General launched the Global Compact Program. This aims to coordinate business and corporate responsibility initiatives. Instituto Ethos organized a conference of over 107 companies to develop guidelines for Brazilian companies to participate in this Program. Fourteen principles were created: 1) Indivisibility of rights (all human rights must be considered as a whole) 2) Meeting employee human rights should be viewed as positive and productive for business 3) Companies are leading agents for hange because of their large presence in society, 4) Possible new labor relations could be developed 5) Refuse child labor 6) Implement multiple intervention corporate social responsibility programs 7) Business participation in policy development for long-term commitment 8) Promote women rights 9) Environmental protection 10) Exchange knowledge and methodologies 11) Increase interaction with UN agencies 12) Pro-active thinking 13) Create methods for discussion 14) Mo nitor Global Compact indicators 29These goals represent key factors that Brazilian companies could address while constructing their corporate social responsibility initiatives. Because of the scope of corporate social responsibility options is broad, the presence of corporate social responsibility and corporate social conscience create a favorable environment for further promoting corporate social responsibility into businesses not yet participating. Modalities of Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Within the Brazilian corporate social responsibility environment, corporations most commonly participate in civil society partnerships.A study conducted by James Austin (2004, 215) shows that of the 385 companies that participated, 85 percent rely on some variation of alliances with civil society organizations to implement social responsibility strategies. Of this group, 15 percent solely use partnerships to conduct their social practices, 37 percent use non-permanent partnerships, and 33 percent occasionally engage in partnerships. Most often these partnerships are multi-sectored, because each civil society organization has specific niches that aid in the common corporate social responsibility goal.For example, businesses often partner with non-governmental organizations and non-profits that already have social management expertise to reduce implementation and operating costs for business social responsibility activities. In addition, corporations are amenable to working with local non-governmental organizations or non-profits because it can lead to positive community relations. In addition, corporations may also choose to partner with the local, regional or national government to implement social initiatives. Business leaders often view Brazilian governmental organizations as non-cooperative, bureaucratic, slow, nd 30 inefficient. Therefore, business and government alliances tend to be infrequent in Brazil (Austin 2004, 220). However, these difficulties do represent an opportunity for businesses to enhance government entities and to provide advice on how to make the government processes more effective. For example, Naturas commitment to improving local public education in Itapeceriaca da Serra not only required the company to work closely with the local government quiz, but also led to the establishment of â€Å"Barracoes da Cidadania† (Community Shelters).This program is managed by the Municipal Secretary of Culture in order to provide needy children and youth social and cultural activities and equipment (Austin 2004, 220). Even though such partnerships are becoming more prevalent, a significant proportion of corporations? efforts remain un-partnered because of factors such as lack of confidence in civil society organizations, lack of information, and precedent frustration. 15 percent of the companies in the Austin? s sample do not engage in partnerships, but individually create and implement corporate social responsibility (A ustin 2004, 219).Some company executives believe that they can better manage their resources independently because they have â€Å"better control† (Austin 2004, 219) than those firms who engage in cross-sector partnerships to implement their social initiatives. Another finding is that companies that incorporate corporate social responsibility into their business models are more likely to make profits than if they treat these factors as expenses unrelated to business strategies directed to enhancing good will, educate potential employees or provide health care to the community (Hamman 2003, 238).Company executives frequently commit to carrying out ethical business practices as a component of their corporate responsibility. This includes refraining from using 31 child labor, providing fair compensation, creating safe and comfortable work conditions, and operating within the legal environmental regulations. This promotes ethical business behaviors, as well as benefits the produc t and companies because they will avoid potential labor rights issues. Further, environmentally friendly operations reflect positively on the company and its products.The company also reduces the risk for governmental fines due to negative environmental impacts. Often companies whose business leaders choose to invest in â€Å"green† technology and environmentally sustainable business practices tend to become industry leaders because they are evaluating and strategizing how to improve their operations, as opposed to maintaining the status quo. Joint commitments to practice corporate social responsibility among firms at the same level within a specific industry have proven to be an effective tool to promote company investment in corporate social responsibility initiatives.These commitments consist of each company dedicating a standardized amount of business resources to corporate social responsibility. Therefore, no company can gain a competitive advantage by not engaging in co rporate social responsibility, thus creating a â€Å"level playing field† within the industry. The International Council on Mining and Metals is an example of this type of alliance. The organization consists of 18 mining and metals companies, as well as 30 national and regional mining associations and global commodity associations.Its vision is to lead â€Å"companies to work together and with others to strengthen the contribution of mining, minerals and metals to sustainable development† (ICMM 2010). This alliance encourages mining corporations to participate in corporate social responsibility, which neutralizes potential disparities 32 between competitors because a significant amount of the world? s most prominent mining companies are members of the International Council on Mining and Metals.Corporate Social Responsibility in the Mining Industry Mining company leaders argue that the extraction of non-renewable resources is essential to world development (Jenkins and Yakoyleva 2006, 271). They declare that newly discovered mineral deposits and improved technologies will provide additional wealth into the world? s economy. Even though the mining companies claim that they are a part of an important source of global wealth, public opinion has largely focused on the negative externalities of mining activity.In response to this public cynicism, corporate social responsibility represents a valuable impression management tool that all prominent mining corporations utilize (Jenkins and Yakoyleva 2006, 272). Corporate social responsibility is treated as a strategic response to social challenges that inevitably arise from mining extractive operations. Almost all mining companies allocate resources to these initiatives. Thus, it is necessary for corporations in this industry to participate in corporate social responsibility initiatives in some capacity in order to remain current among industry competitors.It has become standard practice in the mining indus try to develop more environmentally and socially conscience operational strategies. â€Å"corporate social responsibility in the mining industry is viewed as a mechanism for maximization of positive and minimization of negative social and environmental impacts of mining, while maintaining profits† (Acutt et al, 2001). According to a poll of the ten largest mining companies in the world, the number one reason for participating in corporate social 33 esponsibility activities is to contribute positively to brand reputation. Additional incentives are to increase value to shareholders, maintain relationships with the domestic government, and satisfy socially conscience consumers (Hamann 2003, 242). Not only is corporat